Y12 Chemistry 2017: Unit 4 - Area of Study 1 - How are organic compounds categorised, analysed and used?

Unit 4: How are organic compounds categorised, analysed and used?

Area of Study 1 - How can the diversity of carbon compounds be explained and categorised?

Structure and nomenclature of organic compounds

-the carbon atom with reference to valence number, bond strength, stability of carbon bonds with other elements and the formation of isomers (structural and stereoisomers) to explain carbon compound diversity, including identification of chiral centres in optical isomers of simple organic compounds and distinction between cis- and trans- isomers in simple geometric isomers

-structures including molecular, structural and semi-structural formulas of alkanes (including cyclohexane), alkenes, alkynes, benzene, haloalkanes, primary amines, primary amides, alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary), aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids and non-branched esters

-IUPAC systematic naming of organic compounds up to C8 with no more than two functional groups for a molecule, limited to non-cyclic hydrocarbons, haloalkanes, primary amines, alcohols (primary, secondary, tertiary), carboxylic acids and non-branched esters.

(From VCAA chemistry study design)

Prefix = added in front of word ( E.g. re-turn )
Suffix = added at end of word (E.g. Alk-anes )

Kind of bond (Added as suffix)
Alkanes - 1 bond (single bond) - Saturated
Alkenes = 2 bond (double bond) - Unsaturated (1 or more double bond)
Alkynes ≡ 3 bond (triple bond)

Geometric orientation (Added as prefix)
cis- means on the same side
trans- means across

Number of carbon atoms (Added as prefix)
meth - 1 carbon
eth - 2 carbon
prop - 3 carbon
but - 4 carbon
pent - 5 carbon
hex - 6 carbon
hept - 7 carbon
oct - 8 carbon

Alkanes - single bonded hydrocarbons

Alkenes = double bonded, Alkyne ≡ 3 bonded

Aromatics and Cyclic Compounds

Functional groups

Alcohols, Hydroxyl Groups, Aldehydes, Carboxylic Acid. Acetone is a Ketone, Ethers and Esters, Amines

Nomenclature - IUPAC systematic naming of organic compounds

Categories, properties and reactions of organic compounds

• an explanation of trends in physical properties (boiling point, viscosity) and flashpoint with reference to structure and bonding

• organic reactions, including appropriate equations and reagents, for the oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, substitution reactions of haloalkanes, addition reactions of alkenes, hydrolysis reactions of esters, the condensation reaction between an amine and a carboxylic acid, and the esterification reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid

• the pathways used to synthesise primary haloalkanes, primary alcohols, primary amines, carboxylic acids and esters, including calculations of atom economy and percentage yield of single-step or overall pathway reactions.

(From VCAA chemistry study design)

Analysis of organic compounds

• the principles and applications of mass spectroscopy (excluding features of instrumentation and operation) and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data, including identification of molecular ion peak, determination of molecular mass and identification of simple fragments

• the principles and applications of infrared spectroscopy (IR) (excluding features of instrumentation and operation) and interpretation of qualitative and quantitative data including use of characteristic absorption bands to identify bonds

• the principles (including spin energy levels) and applications of proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (excluding features of instrumentation and operation); analysis of carbon-13 NMR spectra and use of chemical shifts to determine number and nature of different carbon environments in a simple organic compound; and analysis of high resolution proton NMR spectra to determine the structure of a simple organic compound using chemical shifts, areas under peak and peak splitting patterns (excluding coupling constants) and application of the n+1 rule

• determination of the structures of simple organic compounds using a combination of mass spectrometry (MS), infrared spectroscopy (IR) and proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) (limited to data analysis)

• the principles of chromatography including use of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and construction and use of a calibration curve to determine the concentration of an organic compound in a solution

• determination of the concentration of an organic compound by volumetric analysis, including the principles of direct acid-base and redox titrations (excluding back titrations).

(From VCAA chemistry study design)